Based on the Cambridge dictionary, the definition of the layout is the way that something is arranged. In another word, the layout is the result of arranging the space planning units on the available space to accommodate the closeness relationship. It indicated by the affinities without violating any of the relevant important constraints. There are four fundamental elements in the layout. Those are space planning units, affinities, space, and constraints. This topic will also discuss layout planning, facility planning, location models in facility planning, also office and personnel layout planning.

The first discussion is about layout planning. There is one methodology that most widely used in layout planning. It called Systematic Layout Planning or SLP. SLP has two tools, which are the Flow of materials or from-to chart and Activity relationship. However, SLP lacks the ability to plan departments depending on the type of layout described. SLP is also unable to generate a hybrid layout that combines features of the process and cellular layouts. The other methodology is Production Flow Analysis or PFA. PFA is a technique that consolidates all relevant material flow information and alternative production routings to form manufacturing groups of facilities. PFA can be used to identify the causes of delay in material flows. The processes to apply PFA are factory flow analysis, group analysis, line analysis, and tooling analysis. From these two methodologies, to make a better layout, there is a method called integrated system layout planning, which is an integration of SLP and PFA.

The second discussion is about facility planning. The activity objectives supported by the activity’s tangible fixed asset determined by facility planning. There are four main components in facility planning that strongly interact with each other. Those are location, specific structure and site, layout, and furniture, lighting, decorative, and equipment. The best location is related to the function of the facility and the characteristic of its product and services. To measure the cost and preferences in location decisions, there are some models that can be used. The first is the transportation models. The decision using this model will be based on shipping or transportation costs. This cost will combine the cost of moving raw materials to the plant and transporting finished goods from the plant to the warehouses. The second model is scoring models. The objective is to choose the location considering all relevant costs. The third model is a breakeven analysis. Its objective is to find how many units of throughput need to be sold in order to recover cost and breakeven. The last model is the center of gravity. Unfortunately, it will not be discussed here.

The third discussion is the location model in facility planning. The first model is the Single-facility location model. Here, there are three best-known types of distance measures. Those are rectilinear or rectangular, Euclidean or straight line, and actual distance which usually approximated by rectilinear, Euclidean, or a combination of both types. However, the straight-line path of the Single-facility location model is not feasible in most applications because of the physical arrangement of facilities. Then, the rectilinear is used to solve the problem. The second model is Distance-minimization. It is the minimization of the sum of weighted distances traveled from the new facility to each existing facility. There is also a quadratic assignment problem, which is the generalization of the linear assignment problem and it uses a heuristic model to solve the problem.

The last discussion is about the office and personnel layout planning. Office design should reflect the needs of the work and employees also structure of corporate philosophy. People should work under conditions that help them to be productive. In planning and designing the office layout, instrumentality, aesthetics, and symbolism must be considered. The criteria of office layout are suitability, flexibility, habitability, and advancement of the administrative profession. There are three types of office arrangement. Those are conventional or traditional office, landscape office, an open-plan office. However, an office might have more than one type of arrangement. It depends on the department’s needs.

In conclusion, layout plays an important role in working space because it can affect the effectiveness and efficiency during the operation. There are lots of consideration in deciding how is the layout that going to be applied. It is such a challenge for those who are doing a layout project. However, do not worry, that project is going to be interesting. Just like what Irene E. said, there is no such thing as a boring project, there is only boring execution. That is why great teamwork is really needed. Also, remember one thing, good design is obvious, great design is transparent, Joe Sparano.

            Lean is a complete system that can be used across business departments such as manufacturing, production, marketing, distribution, and others field. Lean was a term to describe the revolutionary production and management system. This system accomplishes more work with fewer resources by eliminating waste in manufacturing operations. For some people, Lean and Just in Time are often mixed up. One of their differences is the JIT system focus on efficiency, while the lean focuses on using efficiency to add value for the customer. Other than that, JIT is a part of the lean method that eliminates the waste of excessive inventory. Lean manufacturing takes the concept of JIT and reexamines in light of customer value. More detail information about Lean will be discussed in the following paragraph.

            Another definition of lean is a systematic approach to identifying and eliminating waste through continuous improvement in pursuit of perfection. The first principle of lean manufacturing is that every step in the production process muss add value that customer wants. The goals of this system are producing more products using current resources and lower the stock in inventory. Also, it gets all the needed parts to be assembled at the right time. Then, the forecast in this system measures how long it takes to make the product and deliver on time to the customer. By using lean manufacturing, a company can have a lower production cost but higher profits and wages. Besides that, it supports ISO 14001 about environmental management and green manufacturing.

            To achieve lean manufacturing goals, there is some formula that must be applied. The first is teamwork. Second, observe or analyze the current situation. Third, ideas, the team develops ideas on how to eliminate waste. Fourth, communication, make sure everyone knows the goals, the changes being made, the successes, and the failure. Fifth, culture, create a continuous improvement culture and always consider new ideas. There are also some tools in lean manufacturing. Those are 5S, sort, set in order, shine, set rules, sustain. Then, there are standardized work practices, visual controls, plant layout, batch reduction, point of user storage, quality at the source, quick changeover, etc.

            In the manufacturing field, there is also a term called “Theory of Constraints”. The constraint will determine the output of a system whether they are acknowledged and managed or not. There are six steps that stated clearly in the theory of constraint. The first theory of constraint state, “identifies the appropriate measures of value”. Second, Identify the bottleneck. Third, Use bottlenecks properly. Fourth, Synchronize all other processes to the bottlenecks. Fifth, increase the bottleneck’s capacity. Last, avoid inertia and return to steps number one.

            From the explanation above, it can be seen that Lean and JIT are not exactly the same. In addition, the JIT system there only seven waste, which are overproduction, waiting, transportation, inappropriate processing, excessive inventory, unnecessary motion, and defects. While in lean manufacturing there is eight waste. Those are defects, excess motion, waiting, processing, overproduction, transportation, inventory, and underutilized people or waiting for more work to do. One of the ways of finding waste in lean manufacturing is by using a value stream map. This map helps to analyze, design, and manage the flow of materials and information required to bring a product to a customer. In conclusion, lean manufacturing and Just in Time are different even in terms of its waste.

Just in Time Production also known as Toyota Production System. It developed by Taiichi Ohno with one of the objectives is reducing costs by eliminating all kinds of waste. Applying Just in Time Production also can make the company easier to achieve and assure product quality. Pull and Push system is the example of Just in Time’s implementation. The push system is based on material requirement planning. This system may lead to conditions of having excessive equipment and a surplus of workers. Meanwhile, the pull system used only to decide the approximate resource requirements of the workstation. To trigger production at every stage, the pull system will use the Kanban system to communicate the schedule between the station.

Kanban is a set of cards that that travel between preceding and subsequent process. It communicates what parts are needed in the subsequent process. Moving the materials driven by the usage and controlling work-in-process, production, and inventory flow is also the function of Kanban. Withdrawal Kanban and Production Kanban are types of Kanban that mostly used. The other types of Kanban are Express Kanban, Emergency Kanban, and Through Kanban. Some rules need to be obeyed when operating Kanban. First, no withdrawal of parts without a Kanban. Second, the subsequent process comes to withdraw only what is needed. Third, do not send the defective parts to the subsequent process. Fourth, the process should produce only the exact quantity of parts withdrawn by the process. Fifth, minimize the fluctuation of the production. Then, stop the process if the production requirements decrease and use the overtime and improvements in the process if the production requirements increase.

Other than the system applied, there are also some differences in the terms of purchasing when using Just in Time or JIT production system. JIT will do the purchasing in small quantities but more frequently. For the supplier, JIT has a small number of suppliers who can give consistent quality, saving resources, low cost, special attention, saving on tooling, and good long-term relationships. Those suppliers will be evaluated in the term of product quality, delivery performance, and price. There is also receiving inspection for the incoming parts that extended to the supplier’s plant. Since the supplier will be used in the long term, there will be a negotiation and bidding process to establish a fair price for both buyer and supplier. Also, the mode of transportation, product specification, paperwork, and packaging included in the consideration when choosing a supplier.

To improve JIT performance, there is a term called Total Quality Control. Total Quality Control requires a commitment from every individual in all the company’s departments to achieve the goal of quality production. Furthermore, there are also some barriers to applying the JIT production system. First, there will be frequent changes in production planning. Second, inaccurate forecasting procedures that will lead to under or over forecasting of demand. Third, when there is a failure in the equipment, it will create a capacity problem. Then, there will be employee turnover, absenteeism, etc. However, JIT also has some benefits such as increased productivity, better quality product, less work in progress, reduce lead time and setup times, saved space, increased teamwork, worker and equipment efficiency. JIT also consequently reduced requirements for raw material, person power, and machine capacity. In conclusion, every production system applied in this world has its strengths and weakness and JIT is one of those production systems.

To achieve a satisfying result there is a good plan prepared before to do a job. This theory obviously applied in the manufacturing field. The term for planning usually called process planning, but it has some other name such as manufacturing planning, material processing, process engineering, and machine routing. Process planning needed to prepare detailed work instruction to produce a part, which is very important for the workers. There are some topics that will be discussed here. First, the steps of process planning. Second, part features identification and process selection. Third, process planning classification.

In making process planning, a process planner has some steps to create a good plan. Before that, they must be familiar with the manufacturing process and practice, tooling and fixtures, and raw materials. Also, they must be able to interpret an engineering drawing, do a computation on machining time and cost, and know how to use the reference books. The first step is studying the overall shape of the part to determine the type of workstation needed. Second, study the drawing thoroughly to identify every manufacturing features and notes. Third, determine the best raw material shape when raw stock is not given. Fourth, identify the datum surface to determine the setup. Fifth, determine the rough sequence of operations for each setup. Sixth, sequence the operations determined in the previous step. Seventh, select tools for each operation. If it is possible, use the same tool for several operations to reduce the time setup. Eighth, select or design fixtures for each setup. Ninth, evaluate the plan generate thus far and make necessary modifications. Tenth, select cutting parameters for each operation. Finally, prepare the final process plan document so that the workers can easily do the operation.

In the manufacturing process, there are many processes that can be used to produce a product. Some of those processes are casting, forming, shaping, machining, joining, and finishing. In selecting the right process, there are some features that must be considered such as part features, required dimensional, geometric accuracy, tolerance, surface finish, available resources, NC machine, cutting tools, and cost. Part features divided into two types, which are basic features and compound features. The basic feature has simple forms that require only one machining operation such as holes, slots, pockets, shoulders, profiles, and angels. The compound feature consists of two or more basic part features. For example, a combined result of two holes with different diameters.

Process planning itself classified into three types, which are manual, computer-aided, and automation. In manual process planning, the process planner must master the process planning because it directly uses human logical thinking. The second type, computer-aided, has some advantages compared to the manual type. Those advantages are reducing the skill required of a planner, reducing the process planning time and manufacturing cost, creating more consistent plans, producing more accurate plans, and increasing productivity. Then, the reason for applying the third type, automated planning, is shortening the lead-time, lowering the production cost, and getting manufacturability feedback. Automation also applied because it can make the process plan become.

In conclusion, the process planning goal is to translate the design become some processes so that the product can be produced. It is very important because besides it will affect the whole company if the plan does not work. It is guidance for a worker to produce the product. Once the worker did a mistake because of the wrong plan, the product will not meet its requirements. Automatically, the company cannot reach the goal and must spend more money to fix the problem. That is why the process planner should mater the field or has a strong related background.

Talking about Manufacturing System never be boring because it will always evolve. The evolution can be in the term of technology, materials, and other factors of manufacture. One of the examples are the topic discussed in the previous meeting which is automation. Automation classified into two big terms, which are manufacturing automation and service automation. It is dealing with mechatronics and computers in doing the production. In this topic, there are some subtopics, such as the elements of an automated system, types of automation, and reasons either apply the automation or not.

Another word to define automation is technology without human assistance during completing the production process. There are three basic elements in automation, which are power, a program of instruction, and a control system. Power to perform automation divided into two areas. First, power for the process that can drive the process, load and unload the work unit, and does the transport during the operations. Second, there is power for automation; it includes the controller unit, actuating control signal, and process the information. Besides power, automation needs a program of instruction to set commands needed by the machine to do its job. After that, there is a control system. There are two types of control systems, which are the closed-loop control system where there is a feedback two compare the input parameter and output variable. The other one is the open-loop control system where there is no feedback on it and usually simpler and less expensive compared to the closed-loop control system.

There are three types of automation. First, fixed automation. It used for a high demand production because it has maximum efficiency and low unit cost. Second, programmable automation. It used for batch production and product with some categories because it has the flexibility to deal with changes in the product. Third, there is flexible automation. Usually, this automation applied for a product that has a variety and high complexity in the design. However, each of those three types has its disadvantages. The advantages of fixed automation are it has large initial investment and high in inflexibility. Programmable automation requires a long set up for the new product and high unit cost. Then, flexible automation has large initial investment and unit cost compared to two of the other two types.

There are some reasons why a company either use an automated system or not in producing their product. The first reason is by using automation, the company can increase its productivity. Second, automation is more safety because there are very few numbers of worker needed, it automatically reduces the work accident that can be endangering the workers. Third, it can reduce the labor cost because mostly the production process is done by machine. On the contrary, there are also some reasons why a company does not apply automation. First, there is a high initial investment because they must buy a new machine. Second, they need to do training for their workers which needs another cost and it requires a time that can delay their production. If not, the company must hire a worker that has a high level of education and skills which need a high cost to pay them.

There is also a discussion about types of production, plant layout, and group technology. Unfortunately, because there is a limit in the number of pages, it would be better to write down the important thing of automation. It does not mean that types of production, plant layout, and group technology are not important. Yes, they are still important, but there are a few discussions about them in this topic. Other than that, it acts as a sub-subtopic in the automation. That is all the summary of the previous meeting. In conclusion, hopefully, what has been written above is useful and can help other students in studying the manufacturing system.

By: Fani Fafas Tafia

Abstrak

Bumi Manusia adalah salah satu novel yang sangat luar biasa. Karya seorang Masterpiece yaitu Pramoedya Ananta Toer ini sukses menghadirkan cerita yang sangat apik. Novel ini berlatar belakang keadaan Indonesia yang masih dijajah Belanda. Novel ini menghadirkan tokoh-tokoh dengan karakter yang unik. Hal ini tidak lepas dari latar belakang keluarga dan pendidikan mereka. Dengan adanya karya tulis ilmiah ini, diharapkan para insan cendekia dapat lebih bijak dalam mengambil keputusan dan memahami orang lain..

Abstract

This Earth of Mankind is one of the most extraordinary novels. The work of a Masterpiece, Pramoedya Ananta Toer, successfully presents a very neat story. This novel has a background in the state of Indonesia that was still colonized by the Dutch. This novel presents characters with unique characters. This is inseparable from their family background and education. With this scientific paper, it is hoped that intellectuals can be wiser in making decisions and understanding others.

Below is the document for the complete content:

Hi, all!

Here I attach a pdf file of my final project in the Object Oriented and Modelling course. Feel free to read and leave a comment.

Thank you

Regards,

Fani Tafia

Hi, all!

Here I attach a pdf file of my final Project in the Object Oriented Modelling and Design course. Feel free to read and leave comments. Thank you

Regards,

Fani Tafia

Hi, all!
Here I attach a document of the second update of my project in the Object-Oriented Modelling and Design Course. Feel free to download and give a comment.
Thank you

Regards,
Fani Tafia

Hi, all!

Here I attach a Word document of my project in the Object Oriented Modelling and Design course. By the time, this document will be updated. If you don’t mind, you may check the document below. I am waiting for your feedback.

Thank you

Regards,

Fani Tafia